| King of Portugal and the Algarves | |
|---|---|
| Former Monarchy | |
| Royal Coat of arms | |
| Manuel II | |
| First monarch | Afonso I |
| Last monarch | Manuel II |
| Style | See below |
| Official residence | |
| Monarchy started | 25 July 1139 |
| Monarchy ended | 5 October 1910 |
| Current pretender | Duarte Pio |
| Titles |
| King of Portugal |
| Prince Royal of Portugal |
| Prince of Brazil |
| Prince of Portugal |
| Prince of Beira |
| Royal Dukes |
| Infante of Portugal |
| Households |
| House of the Infante |
This is a list of Portuguese monarchs dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of León under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, until the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on 5 October 1910, during the reign of Manuel II, "the Patriot", or "the Missed King". Afonso I was recognized as king, in 1143, by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and, in 1179, by the Pope Alexander III.
It includes the Portuguese rulers from the:
Contents |
When to date the beginning of the House of Burgundy is subject to debate. Some date it as early as the appointment of Henry of Burgundy as Count of Portugal, yet he never used any title but Count of Portugal. His widow Theresa briefly called herself, Queen Theresa of Portugal, daughter of the great Emperor Alfonso of León, but she had been forced to recognize her lands as a fief of León. In 1139, Afonso proclaimed himself King, and in 1143, his cousin and nominal overlord Alfonso VII of León granted formal recognition to this claim, maintaining vassalage only over the Leonese exclave town of Astorga. Papal recognition was not granted until 1179, when Alexander III's papal bull Manifestis Probatum placed Astorga under papal vassalage.
In 1128, with the Battle of São Mamede and the end of the civil war, by the deposition of Queen Theresa, power was taken by Infante Dom Afonso Henriques as the sole ruler, officially styling himself Prince of Portugal, grandson of Emperor Alfonso VI of León. He proclaimed himself King of Portugal in 1139. This is commonly accepted as the date of the foundation of the first Portuguese royal house. With Afonso's victory in the Battle of Ourique he was acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers and the Portuguese people. In the same year, according to the legend, he summoned the cortes (estates-general) at Lamego, where he was crowned by the archbishop of Braga.
The year of 1143 is also a significant date in the foundation of the Portuguese House of Burgundy as the Portuguese royal house. In that year Afonso I declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy and swore himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, even if the pope did not immediately recognise his allegiance. It was also in that year that the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the Portuguese and León and Castile with Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognizing Afonso as a king. However, as the Church did not recognize Portugal in the dignity of a kingdom with the right to conquer territories from the Moors until 1179 when Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King of Portugal, some argue that that event marks the beginning of the first royal dynasty of Portugal.
The House of Burgundy ruled during a complex period in the History of Portugal when the monarchy was established and Moorish lands to the south were conquered; this period ended in 1249. In this period were set up necessary structures, such as international diplomacy, agriculture, population, commerce, education and culture, all that existed in the Portuguese territory a long time ago, particularly during the regency of Count Henrique of Burgundy. Count Henrique of Burgundy travelled to Rome and Jerusalem, France and other Hispanic kingdoms, and was the nephew of the most powerful diplomat of his time, Saint Bernard, leading Henrique to bring the cosmopolitan Order of the Temple to his fief when it was just created.
The end of the House of Burgundy arrived in October 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I. The heiress to the throne was Infanta Beatrice, sole daughter of Ferdinand and wife of John I of Castile. Leonor Tellez, king Ferdinand's widow, becomes regent in the name of her daughter Beatrice.[1] At the request of John I of Castile, when he had knowledge of his father-in-law's decease, the Regent ordered the acclaim for Beatrice across the country.[2] But the pretensions of John I of Castile to rule Portugal impeached Beatrice of ascending to the throne. The very real possibility of loss of independence to Castile due to her marriage triggered a civil war followed by another war against Castile, an Interregnum period known as the 1383-1385 Crisis.
| Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afonso I | 25 July 1139 | 6 December 1185 | Alphonso or Alphonse I (English), Afonso Henriques (Portuguese alternative), Affonso I (Old Portuguese), |
the Conqueror (o Conquistador) The Founder (o Fundador) the Great (o Grande) |
son of Henry, Count of Portugal | |
| Sancho I | 6 December 1185 | 27 March 1211 | the Populator (o Povoador) | son of Afonso I | ||
| Afonso II | 27 March 1211 | 25 March 1223 | Alphonso or Alphonse II (English), Affonso II (Galician-Portuguese), |
the Fat (o Gordo) | son of Sancho I | |
| Sancho II | 25 March 1223 | 3 January 1248 | the Pious (o Capelo) the Piteous (o Piedoso) |
son of Afonso II | ||
| Afonso III | 3 January 1248 | 16 February 1279 | Alphonso or Alphonse III (English), Affonso III (Old Portuguese), |
the Bolognian (o Bolonhês) | brother of Sancho II younger son of Afonso II |
|
| Dinis | 16 February 1279 | 7 January 1325 | Denis (English) or Diniz (Old Portuguese) |
the Farmer (o Lavrador) the Poet-King (o Rei-Poeta) the Troubadour-King (o Rei-Trovador) |
son of Afonso III | |
| Afonso IV | 7 January 1325 | 28 May 1357 | Alphonso or Alphonse IV (English), Affonso IV (Old Portuguese),<br |
the Brave (o Bravo) | son of Dinis | |
| Pedro I | 28 May 1357 | 18 January 1367 | Peter I (English) | the Just (o Justiceiro) or the Cruel (o Cruel) the Vengeful (o Vingativo) or the Until-the-End-of-the-World-In-Love (o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado) |
son of Afonso IV | |
| Fernando I | 18 January 1367 | 22 October 1383 | Ferdinand I (English) | the Handsome (o Formoso) the Beautiful (o Belo) the Fickle (o Inconstante) the Reckless (o Inconsciente) |
son of Pedro I |
Royal Houses of Portugal |
|---|
| Houses |
|
of Burgundy House of Aviz House of Aviz-Beja Portugueuse House of Habsburg House of Braganza House of Braganza-Saxe -Coburg and Gotha |
The second dynasty of Portuguese Royalty is known as the House of Aviz, after John, Master of the military Order of Aviz, who later became John I of Portugal.
The institution of House of Aviz followed the dynastic crisis that originated from the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. With the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, John I, half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Pedro I, confirmed the kingship which had been bestowed upon him at the Cortes of Coimbra in April 1385.
This period of Portuguese history is considered to include the ascent of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The first act of expansion was the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and was followed by the exploration, colonization and commerce exercised in Africa, Asia and Brazil. It also includes the height of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.
John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir. He was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, had no children either. Cardinal-King Henry died two years later and the struggle for the throne started between the different claimants, including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato.
Anthony, Prior do Crato, was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, 20 days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of Anthony in the Battle of Alcântara. Although Anthony continued to be called king in some of the Azores Islands until 1583, the date of 1580 is generally accepted as the end of the House of Aviz as a Portuguese Royal House. Only a little minority of historians (even in Portugal) accept the period of 20 days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as his reign. In Portugal he isn't generally considered as a national king, but as a resistant and a patriot that fought the philippine domination.
| Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| João I | 6 April 1385 | 14 August 1433 | John I (English) | the Master of Avis (o Mestre de Avis), the One of Good Memory (o de Boa Memória), the Good (o Bom) or the Great (o Grande) |
Half-brother of Fernando I Illegitimate son of Pedro I |
||
| Duarte | 14 August 1433 | 9 September 1438 | Edward (English) | the Eloquent (o Eloquente) or the Philosopher-King (o Rei-Filósofo) |
son of João I | ||
| Afonso V | 9 September 1438 | 11 November 1477 | Alphonzo V (English), Alphonse V (English), Affonso V (Old Portuguese) |
the African (o Africano) | son of Duarte | Abdicated in favor of his son, who has assumed the duties of a regent of the kingdom. | |
| João II | 11 November 1477 | 15 November 1477 | John II (English) | the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito) or the Tyrant (o Tirano) |
son of Afonso V | Acclaimed King by the Cortes of Santarém, only to abdicate and return the throne to his father. | |
| Afonso V | 15 November 1477 | 28 August 1481 | Alphonzo V (English), Alphonse V (English), Affonso V (Old Portuguese) |
the African (o Africano) | son of Duarte | Resumed reign until death. | |
| João II | 28 August 1481 | 25 October 1495 | John II (English) | the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito) or the Tyrant (o Tirano) |
son of Afonso V |
| Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manuel I | 25 October 1495 | 13 December 1521 | Emmanuel I (English), Manoel I (Old Portuguese) |
the Fortunate (o Venturoso, o Bem-Aventurado or o Afortunado) |
first cousin and brother-in-law of João II grandson of Duarte |
|
| João III | 13 December 1521 | 11 June 1557 | John III (English) | the Pious (o Piedoso or o Pio) |
son of Manuel I | |
| Sebastião | 11 June 1557 | 4 August 1578 | Sebastian (English) | the Desired (o Desejado) | grandson of João III | |
| Henrique | 27 August 1578 | 31 January 1580 | Henry (English) | the Chaste (o Casto) or the Cardinal-King (o Cardeal-Rei) |
granduncle of Sebastian younger son of Manuel I |
The Portuguese House of Habsburg is known in Portugal as the Philippine Dynasty after the three Spanish kings named Philip who ruled from 1580 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the system known as a Personal Union; these promises were to be progressively forgotten by his successors.
Under Philip II, the Portuguese Empire began to fall apart because of the pressure from the enemies of Spain. Philip II and Philip III of Portugal did not rule by themselves, and had powerful Castilian validos (Castilian name for favourite prime-ministers).
Even if Portugal was ruled apart from the other realms of the Habsburgs in Madrid, by the Council of Portugal, exclusively by Portuguese nobles or by royal family ones, and kept its empire to itself, its own currency, its arms and flag, its taxes at the Castilian borderline, sometimes its own ambassadors, the Portuguese nobles remaining in Portugal feel they lost political and economic strength, differently from those Portuguese nobles staying at the court in Madrid, very rich and powerful. Especially after Castilian military support to Portuguese empire against Dutch occupation in northern Brazil showed to be a failure.
And when the Castilian valido Olivares, following Richelieu model in France, established a plan to unify the administration, military service, and taxes of all distinct monarchies of Philip III in Europe, not respectful of the Dual Monarchy between Lisbon and Madrid, the fact provoked a rising by the nobility in 1640, known after the 19th century by romantic historians as the Restoration of Independence (Portuguese: Restauração da Independência). In the 17th century and afterwards, it was simply known as the Acclamation War, as it simply restored in their stolen royal rights the House of Braganza, deposing a tyrant king, and acclaiming (or electing) another more suitable to the country, as it has been done already several times before in Portuguese history. The bloodless revolution began joyfully in Lisbon on 1 December 1640, and was soon supported throughout the country and its colonies, bringing Portugal to the Thirty Years War scene until peace was finally settled, after twenty eight years of War with Castile in Europe, and with Holland in Asia, America and Africa, in 1668.
| Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filipe I | 25 March 1581 | 13 September 1598 | Philip I (English) Felipe II (in Spain) |
the Prudent (o Prudente) | grandson of Manuel I |
|
| Filipe II | 13 September 1598 | 31 March 1621 | Philip II (English) Felipe III (in Spain) |
the Cruel (o Cruel) (in Portugal) | son of Filipe I | |
| Filipe III | 31 March 1621 | 15 December 1640 | Philip III' (English) Felipe IV (in Spain) |
the Oppressor (o Opressor) (in Portugal) | son of Filipe II |
The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança) traced its origins to 1442 when the Duchy of Braganza was created by the Regent, Infante Dom Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, and offered to his half-brother Afonso, Count of Barcelos, a natural son of John I. The royal lineage of dukes that followed married into the House of Aviz and became one of the most important noble families of the country. Infanta Catarina, granddaughter of Manuel I and Duchess of Braganza by marriage to John, 6th Duke of Braganza (himself the heir of the dynastic rights of Jaime, Duke of Braganza, acclaimed heir to the throne in 1495 by the Cortes), joined the two houses in 1565. In 1580, she was one of the claimants to the throne, but lost it by military force to Philip I of Habsburg.
In 1640, with the Restoration of Independence, John, grandson of Catarina and 8th Duke of Braganza, was acknowledged as the legitimate heir to the throne as the great great grandson of Manuel I. The Spanish finally recognized Portuguese independence in 1668. The fourth dynasty saw the growth of the importance of Brazilian gold, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the Napoleonic invasion, the independence of Brazil and a civil war followed by Liberalism.
The growth of a republican movement during the end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th culminated in the 1908 assassination of the second last King of Portugal, Carlos I. Two years later in 1910 the republican revolution forced Manuel II into exile, thus putting an end to the Portuguese fourth dynasty. The House of Braganza continues unofficially until today, and the title of Duke of Braganza is still used by Duarte Pio, the 24th Duke of Bragança and the presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal.
| Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| João IV | 15 December 1640 | 6 November 1656 | John IV (English) | the Restoring King (o Restaurador) the Fortunate (o Afortunado) |
Illegitimate descendant in the male-line from John I; great-great-grandson in female line of Manuel I | |
| Afonso VI | 6 November 1656 | 12 September 1683 | Afonso VI (Portuguese), Alphonse VI (English), Affonso VI (Old Portuguese) |
the Victorious (o Vitorioso) | son of João IV | |
| Pedro II | 12 September 1683 | 9 December 1706 | Peter II (English) | the Pacific (o Pacífico) | brother of Afonso VI younger son of João IV |
|
| João V | 9 December 1706 | 31 July 1750 | John V (English) | the Magnanimous (o Magnânimo) the Magnific (o Magnífico) the Portuguese Sun-King (o Rei-Sol Português) |
son of Pedro II | |
| José I | 31 July 1750 | 24 February 1777 | Joseph I (English) | the Reformer (o Reformador) | son of John V | |
| Maria I | 24 February 1777 | 20 March 1816 | Mary I (English) | the Pious (a Piedosa or a Pia) the Mad (a Louca) (in Brazil) |
daughter of José I | |
| Pedro III | 24 February 1777 | 25 May 1786 | Peter III (English) | son of João V husband of Maria I |
||
| João VI | 20 March 1816 | 10 March 1826 | John VI (English) | the Clement (o Clemente) | son of Pedro III and Maria I | |
| Pedro IV | 10 March 1826 | 5 May 1826 | Peter IV (English) or Pedro I (in Brazil) |
the Soldier-King (o Rei-Soldado) the Emperor-King (o Rei-Imperador) the Liberator (o Libertador) |
son of João VI | |
| Maria II | 5 May 1826 | 30 June 1828 | Mary II (English) | the Educator (a Educadora) the Good-Mother (a Boa-Mãe) |
daughter of Pedro IV | |
| Miguel | 30 June 1828 | 26 May 1834 | Michael (English) | the Traditionalist (o Tradicionalista), the Usurper (o Usurpador) or the Absolutist (o Absolutista) the Absolut-King (o Rei Absoluto) |
brother of Pedro IV younger son of João VI |
|
| Maria II | 26 May 1834 | 15 November 1853 | Mary II (English) | the Educator (a Educadora) | daughter of Pedro IV | |
| Fernando II | 16 September 1837 | 15 November 1853 | Ferdinand II (English) | husband of Maria II |
With the marriage of Mary II, Queen of Portugal, to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during the 4th Dynasty, the House of Braganza continued in Portugal, as in this country is familiar with family names being passed by female lines. The surname Braganza continued to be present in all royals, and the Royal House was still known in Portugal as The House of Braganza. However, some foreign historians consider the existence of a House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
| Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Epithet(s) | Relationship with predecessor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedro V | 15 November 1853 | 11 November 1861 | Peter V (English) | the Hopeful (o Esperançoso) the Loved One (o Bem-Amado) the Much Loved (o Muito Amado) |
son of Fernando II and Maria II | |
| Luís I | 11 November 1861 | 19 October 1889 | Louis (English), Luiz (Old Portuguese) |
the Popular (o Popular) the Good (o Bom) |
brother of Pedro V son of Fernando II and Maria II |
|
| Carlos I | 19 October 1889 | 1 February 1908 | Charles (English) | the Martyred (o Martirizado) or the Diplomat (o Diplomata) the Martyr (o Mártir) the Oceanographer (o Oceanógrafo) |
son of Luís I | |
| Manuel II | 1 February 1908 | 5 October 1910 | Emmanuel II (English), Manoel II (Old Portuguese) |
the Patriot (o Patriota) the Unfortunate (o Desventurado) the Scholar (o Estudioso) or the Missed King (o Rei-Saudade) |
son of Carlos I |
The chronology of the heads of state of Portugal continues on List of Presidents of Portugal.
During the history of Portuguese monarchy, the Portuguese kings used the following styles:
| Time | Style | Used by | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1128–1129 | By the Grace of God, Duke of Portugal (Dei Gratiæ, Dux Portugalliæ) |
Afonso I | |
| 1129–1139 | By the Grace of God, Prince of Portugal (Dei Gratiæ, Princeps Portugalliæ) |
Afonso I | |
| 1140–1189 | By the Grace of God, King of the Portuguese (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugalensium) |
Afonso I, Sancho I | |
| 1189–1191 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and Silves (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugalliæ et Silbis) |
Sancho I | Conquest of Silves (1189) |
| 1191–1248 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ) |
Sancho I, Afonso II, Sancho II | Loss of Silves to the Almohads (1191) |
| 1248–1249 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and Count of Boulogne (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Comes Boloniæ) |
Afonso III | Afonso, married to Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne-sur-Mer, succeeds his brother Sancho on the Portuguese throne (January 1248) |
| 1249–1253 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, Count of Boulogne (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Algarbii & Comes Boloniæ) |
Afonso III | Conquest of the Moorish kingdom of Algarve (Al'Garb Al'Andalus) (1249) |
| 1253–1369 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve (Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Algarbii) |
Afonso III, Denis, Afonso IV, Peter I, Ferdinand I | Afonso III repudiates Matilda and relinquishes his title of Count (1253) |
| 1369–1371 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarve, Algeciras and Lord of Molina | Ferdinand I | Ferndinand I of Portugal is a pretender to the Castilian Crown, being a legitimate great-grandson of Sancho IV of Castile (1369) |
| 1371–1383 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve | Ferdinand I | Renunciation of Castilian titles after the Peace of Alcoutim (1371) |
| 1383–1385 | (none) | (none) | Civil war followed by a war between the Master of Avis and John I of Castile |
| 1385–1415 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve | John I | Election of the Portuguese king (6 April 1385) |
| 1415–1458 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, and Lord of Ceuta | John I, Edward I, Afonso V | Conquest of Ceuta (1415) |
| 1458–1471 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, and Lord of Ceuta and Alcácer in Africa | Afonso V | Conquest of El Ksar as-Saghir (Alcácer-Ceguer) (1458) |
| 1471–1475 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves,[3] of either side of the sea in Africa | Afonso V | Conquest of Asilah and Tangiers (1471) and elevation of the Portuguese lordship in northern Africa to the condition of Kingdom of the Algarve Beyond the Sea |
| 1475–1479 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, , Seville, Cordoba, Jaén, Murcia, the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Gibraltar, Algeciras, and Lord of Biscay and Molina | Afonso V | Pretension of Afonso V to the Castilian Crown, due to his marriage with Juana, la Beltraneja (1475) |
| 1479–1485 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa | Afonso V, John II | Renunciation of the Castilian titles after the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479) |
| 1485–1499 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, and Lord of Guinea | John II, Manuel I | Erection of Lordship of Guinea, with the Portuguese colonies on the Gulf of Guinea (1485) |
| 1499–1580 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Manuel I, John III, Sebastian, Henry, António, Prior of Crato | After the return of Vasco da Gama from India, in 1499, the royal style is changed once more to become the most magnificent |
| 1580–1640 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Aragon, Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Portugal, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern & Western Indies, the Islands & Mainland of the Ocean sea, Count of Barcelona, Lord of Biscay and Molina, Duke of Athens and Neopatria, Count of Roussillon, Cerdagne, Margrave of Oristano and Goceano, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant and Milan, Count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tyrol, etc. | Philip I, Philip II, Philip III | During the Philippine dynasty, the style of the Spanish Crown is merged with that of Portugal |
| 1640–1815 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | John IV, Afonso VI, Peter II, João V, Joseph I, Maria I (with Peter III) | After the Restoration (1640), return to the old style adopted by Manuel I |
| 1815–1825 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Maria I, John VI | Elevation of Brazil as a kingdom inside the Portuguese Empire, thus making a United Kingdom (1815) |
| 1825–1826 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | John VI, Pedro IV | After the recognition of the independence of Brazil by John VI (1825), return to the old style |
| 1826 | By the Grace of God and Unanimous Acclamation of the People, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Pedro IV | After the death of his father, Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, inherits the Portuguese throne, thus making a change once more in the royal title, until his abdication (1826) |
| 1826–1838 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Maria II, Miguel I, Maria II | After the abdication of Peter in favour of his daughter, return to the old style |
| 1838–1910 | By the Grace of God, and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Maria II (with Ferdinand II), Pedro V, Luís I, Carlos I, Manuel II | Title used after the Portuguese Constitution of 1838 |
The style of address to the sovereign is as follows:
| Time | |
|---|---|
| 1139–c. 1433 | Mercy - (HM-YM) - Afonso I, Sancho I, Afonso II, Sancho II, Afonso III, Dinis I, Afonso IV, Pedro I, Fernando I, João I, João I |
| c. 1433–1577 | Royal Highness - (HRH-YRH) - Duarte I, Afonso V, João II, Manuel I, João III, Sebastian I |
| 1577–1578 | Majesty - (HM-YM) - Sebastian I |
| 1578–1580 | Royal Highness - (HRH-YRH) - Henrique I, Antonio I |
| 1580–1748 | Majesty - (HM-YM) - Filipe I, Filipe II, Filipe III,João IV, João VI, Pedro II, João V |
| 1748–1825 | Most Faithful Majesty - (HFM-YFM) - João V, José I, Maria I & Pedro III, João VI, |
| 1825–1826 | Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty - (HI&FM-YI&FM) - João VI, Pedro IV |
| 1826–1910 | Most Faithful Majesty - (HFM-YFM) - Maria II & Fernando II, Miguel I, Pedro V, Luis I, Carlos I, Manuel II |
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